The origins of large dam engineering and factors contributing to dam longevity

The history of dam building dates back some 5000 years and covers most civilisations around the globe. It encompasses every type of engineered dam structure, from simple masonry walls and earthen embankments, to complex concrete and composite dams, and covers many differing societal needs. By studying the successes and failures of dam building throughout history, we can trace the development of the engineering from an ‘art’ to a science. The authors describe the results of a literature review to establish the oldest dam, the oldest large dam, the dams with the longest periods of operation and finally, the oldest large dam still in operation today. From studying historical accounts, and carrying out site visits and interviews with dam owners, the authors establish consistent themes for sustainability, and conclude the most important factors contributing to the longevity of large dams.