Ice overtopping of embankments: ice-tank experiments and field observations

Ice-sheet overtopping poses a problem for embankments adjoining large water bodies in cold regions. The problem is akin to wave loading and overtopping, though the water level is well below embankment crest level. Wind drives ice sheets, imparting large momentum, causing ice sheets to severely impact and possibly overtop embankments. Additionally, swift water currents in large rivers, especially during ice-cover break-up during spring weather, may drive ice against embankments such as flood-protection levees. Wind- or current-drive ice-sheets place unforeseen loads on embankments and the various erosion-protection methods intended to shield embankments. This paper briefly reviews the present state-of-knowledge regarding ice overtopping of embankments and reports the findings of ice-tank laboratory tests and field observations. Of interest are the influences of embankment geometry and ice-sheet properties on embankment overtopping. Also, of interest are the ice effects on riprap rock stability; and ice loads exerted against structures on embankments (e.g., a parapet wall).