Protection of embankment dam toe and abutments under overtopping conditions

This article is primarily intended to introduce the theoretical and practical significance of the downstream toe and abutments of embankment dams. Further, summary of previous empirical and experimental research works carried out in the field of embankment dam protection under overtopping conditions is presented. Relationships for sizing of dumped riprap stones at embankment toe are proposed based on key findings from the research areas of design of dumped ripraps and embankment dam toe. The proposed criteria are tested with available experimental data. The paper also aims at bringing to the fore, possibilities for further research.