The hydraulic roughness of vegetated channels

Vegetation in and around watercourses provides both benefits and problems. Floodplain vegetation, especially grass, has been comprehensively studied but aquatic weeds have received less concentrated attention, partly due to the greater diversity of plants and the difficulty of defining the physical parameters. This study relates the overall hydraulic retardance to the physical dimensions for the common shallow water weeds, ranunculus and calitriche.